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|website = }} Ralph Waldo Ellison (March 1, 1914〔Ellison's birthday has been listed as either 1913 or 1914 by various reputable sources.〕 – April 16, 1994) was an American novelist, literary critic, scholar and writer. He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Ellison is best known for his novel ''Invisible Man'', which won the National Book Award in 1953.〔 He also wrote ''Shadow and Act'' (1964), a collection of political, social and critical essays, and ''Going to the Territory'' (1986). A posthumous novel, ''Juneteenth'', was published after being assembled from voluminous notes he left after his death. ==Early life== Ralph Ellison, named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Lewis Alfred Ellison and Ida Millsap. Research by biographers Lawrence Jackson and Arnold Rampersand has established that he was born in 1913, a year earlier than he usually listed. He was the second of three brothers; firstborn Alfred died in infancy, and younger brother Herbert Maurice (or Millsap) was born in 1916.〔() ''Ralph Ellison: A Biography'', Rampersand, Arnold (2007), p. 5〕 Lewis Alfred Ellison, a small-business owner and a construction foreman, died in 1916 after an operation to cure internal wounds suffered after shards from a 100-lb ice block penetrated his abdomen when it was dropped while being loaded into a hopper.〔〔 The elder Ellison loved literature, and doted on his children, so Ralph discovered as an adult that his father had hoped his son would grow up to be a poet. Ellison's widowed mother remarried three times after Lewis died.〔Her second marriage ended before 1924. On 8 July 1924 she married James Ammons, who died in 1926. In December 1929 she married John Bell.〕 However, the family life was precarious, and Ralph worked various jobs during his youth and teens to assist with family support. While attending Douglass High School, he also found time to play on the school's football team.〔 He graduated from high school in 1931. He worked for a year, and found the money to make a down payment on a trumpet, using it to play with local musicians, and to take further music lessons. Ellison entered the Tuskegee Institute in 1933 on a scholarship to study music. Tuskegee's music department was perhaps the most renowned department at the school, headed by composer William L. Dawson. Ellison also was guided by the department's piano instructor, Hazel Harrison. While he studied music primarily in his classes, he spent his free time in the library with modernist classics. He specifically cited reading T. S. Eliot's ''The Waste Land'' as a major awakening moment. As a child, Ellison evidenced what would become a lifelong interest in audio technology, starting by taking apart and rebuilding radios, and later moved on to constructing and customizing elaborate hi-fi stereo systems as an adult. He discussed this passion in a December 1958 essay, "Living With Music", in ''High Fidelity'' magazine. Ellison scholar John S. Wright contends that this deftness with the ins-and-outs of electronic devices went on to inform Ellison's approach to writing and the novel form.〔Wright, John S. "'Jack-the-Bear' Dreaming: Ellison's Spiritual Technologies", ''boundary 2'', 30:2 (Summer 2003), p. 176〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ralph Ellison」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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